Why Chloride Is Important For The Transport Of Negative...

Chloride channels are a structurally diverse superfamily of transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of negative anions across the cell membrane. These channels are involved in a plethora of physiological processes such as neurotransmission, excitation of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, salt transport, cell volume regulation, and acid production in internal and external compartments. Families of these channels include the voltage-gated CLC family, calcium-activated CaCC family, GABAA receptors, glycine receptors, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that is responsible for proper fluid transport across the epithelial membrane of various cells within body tissues such as the lungs, liver, digestive tract, and reproductive tract. Mutations in the protein sequence of CFTR are characteristic of the disease cystic fibrosis, a disease where improper or absent ion movement decreases the flow o f water across exocrine epithelial cells causing mucus and other secretions to be unusually thick. As an ABC protein, CFTR conforms to a similar architecture as other ABC proteins. The standard ABC architecture includes 4 protein subunits, 2 of which are transmembrane domains (TMDs) consisting of 6 ÃŽ ±-helices each, and an additional 2 cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). The subunits that make up most ABC proteins in humans are encoded for in a single gene, as compared to mostShow MoreRelatedWhy Chloride Is Important For The Transport Of Negative Anions Across The Cell Membrane1516 Words   |  7 PagesChloride channels are a structurally diverse superfamily of transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of negative anions across the cell membrane. These channels are involved in a plethora of physiological processes such as neurotransmission, excitation of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, salt transport, cell volume regulation, and acid production in internal and external compartments. Families of these channels include the voltage-gated CLC family, calc ium-activated CaCC family,Read MoreCell Physiology Study Guide3842 Words   |  16 Pageshuman genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs? ï‚ § 80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell. ï‚ § 200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found: ï‚ § In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail. ï‚ § 43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail. ï‚ § 36.9% of transcripts had theRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control andRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 Pagesincluding multi-span structures. The first greenhouses with glass on all sides were built in Boston (1720, later in Chicago). Growers in The Netherlands found that glass cleaning along with greenhouse orientation (perpendicular to radiation source) are important for light penetration, especially in northern latitudes. They also used cloth, reeds or hair on their greenhouses during cold nights as insulation. George Washington built a glass conservatory with below-ground heating at his home at Mount Vernon

Fresa y Chocolate and The Borderlands - 1467 Words

Identity is the essential core of who we are as individuals, the conscious experience of the self-inside. (Kaufman cited in Anzaldà ºa, 1987, p.84) The objective of this essay will be to interpret the contradictions of identity produced in the movie Fresa y Chocolate and The Borderlands. When personal identity, is stifled and shaped by nationalistic discourse. By examining the polarised dichotomies of self-identity, juxtaposed against the internalised and dominant hegemonic discourse of imposed National and cultural identity. The paper will endeavour to expose how, the holding and wielded of power creates conflict and revolt between ones individual identity, when set against a dominant and oppressive structure. The paper will first examine†¦show more content†¦Here we see an inkling of David’s desire to learn more than what is prescribed by the polity. Diego primes the situation further. Nonchalantly removing contraband books from his bag and placing them on the table. Although still defensive and uncomfortable, David is intrigued by the appearance of a book by Vargas Llosa. This first interaction between David a nd Diego, gives us a clear indication of David’s internalised dichotomy. Of self-expression battling against national identity. Under false pretences, David is lured back to Diego’s apartment. Its decor adorned by cultural and religious iconography. Initially David is undoubtedly repulsed, yet clearly captivated by Diego’s cultural life style. After an embarrassing interaction between the two men, David retreats back to his university dorm room. Still rattled by his meeting with Diego, David confides in his roommate Miguel. He tells of Diego’s planned religious exhibition in an embassy. Agitated, Miguel deems this a serious deviation from the prescribed communist doctrine and needs to be reported. David agrees with Miguel to return to Diego’s apartment. All with the intention of uncovering more information which may be of interest to the authorities (Gutià ©rrez Alea 1993). This paper argues, that subconsciously David was looking for a reason to return to Diego’s.

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Describe three three similar Diseases Disuss why are they Similar and how they are differentially Diagnosed. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the differential diagnosis of three similar diseases to HIV including AIDS, Syphilis and Systemic lupus erythromatoses (SLE). Differential diagnosis refers to the process of distinguishing between different diseases that manifest as similar symptoms. Similar disease symptoms HIV is caused by human immunodeficiency virus that suppresses immune system. It is spread by unprotected sex and the later stage of HIV is known as Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is infection and AIDS is syndrome. On the contrary, syphilis is the bacterial infection, which is also spread through sexual contact. Both HIV and syphilis are transmitted by childbirth, anal and vaginal sex. Unlike HIV, syphilis is curable and can be treated with antibiotics (Sea et al. 2015). SLE is a representative of autoimmune disease and is initiated by virus. Both HIV and SLE is caused by retroviruses (Kao et al. 2014). The early symptoms of HIV are flu like symptoms, fever, sores and skin rash and are followed by many years where there are no symptoms. Symptoms of AIDS are similar to damaged immune system caused by infection and are manifested after severe infection from HIV (ElKalmi et al., 2015). Primary syphilis symptoms also manifest as sores around mouth, genitals and rectum. Secondary syphilis symptoms include severe skin rash and sores. However, there are no flu like symptoms. Both HIV and syphilis can infect anywhere on the body (Sea et al. 2015). The similarity between HIV and SLE comes from symptoms including abnormalities in T cell, i.e, CD4? and CD8? T cell dysfunction. Both the diseases lead to changes in the cytokines and chemokines and polyclonal B cell activation. Skin rashes and ulcers in mouth are also common in SLE like HIV (Kao et al. 2014). In some cases the symptoms of syphilis mimics SLE. These symptoms make the disease appear similar and the diagnosis tricky. Diagnosis HIV can be diagnosed by HIV tests involving blood tests and collection of swab of sores looking for antibodies and viral proteins. A patient with HIV decreases the normal CD4 count 500-1,200.During AIDS, these count drops to 200 (ElKalmi et al., 2015). However, the diagnosis of syphilis also involves swabbing an open sores and presence of bacteria will rule out HIV. HIV is diagnosed within days of transmission. AIDS is diagnosed only in later stage of infection. Whereas, syphilis can be diagnosed after 10-90 days of transmission (Pathela et al. 2015). On the other hand, SLE is diagnosed by blood tests, urinalysis, chest X ray, antibody tests and blood test. SLE can be ruled out by presence of butterfly rash, physical exam involving loss of hair, mucous membrane ulcer and arthritis (Kao et al. 2014). References ElKalmi, R.M., Al-Shami, A.K., Alkoudmani, R.M., Al-Syed, T., Al-Lela, O.Q.B. and Patel, I., 2015. Knowledge, Attitudes and Risk Perceptions towards Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Among Health Sciences Students in a Public University, Malaysia.Nursing,18, pp.7-6. Kao, J.K., Fu, C.H., Lee, M.S., Shieh, J.J. and Yang, S.C., 2014. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Misdiagnosed as HIV Infection in a Teenager: A Case Report.The Changhua Journal of Medicine,12(2), pp.77-81. Pathela, P., Braunstein, S.L., Blank, S., Shepard, C. and Schillinger, J.A., 2015. The high risk of an HIV diagnosis following a diagnosis of syphilis: a population-level analysis of New York City men.Clinical Infectious Diseases,61(2), pp.281-287. Sea, A.C., Zhang, X.H., Li, T., Zheng, H.P., Yang, B., Yang, L.G., Salazar, J.C., Cohen, M.S., Moody, M.A., Radolf, J.D. and Tucker, J.D., 2015. A systematic review of syphilis serological treatment outcomes in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons: rethinking the significance of serological non-responsiveness and the serofast state after therapy.BMC infectious diseases,15(1), p.479.

Research Proposal

Question: Research proposal on Performance Measurement and Management for Nurses in a hospital of Myanmar. Answer: Introduction Bartram et al. (2012) have stated that performance dimension offers the strategy makers a chief occasion to secure the health system enhancement as well as accountability. Therefore, in case of the health care professionals and the nurses, performance measurement targets to enhance the quality of the decisions for securing improved performance measurement. It can be stated that an imperative utilization of performance measurement is to provide proper feedback to the clinical practitioners on their specific actions and how these contrast to those of their peers (Dubois et al., 2013). However, this specific research work would try to focus on identifying performance measurement as well as management for the Nurses, especially in Myanmar. Objectives To enable the nurses to attain the standards of the job performance To enhance the skills and knowledge requisite for performing the job efficiently towards performing the correct task in the accurate way To boost the performance of the nurses by cheering empowerment, inspiration and accomplishment of an successful recompense method To recognize the blockages to effectual performance and determining those barriers through invariable monitoring coaching and development interferences Literature Review Gitlin et al. (2012) in their research work has stated five major points in case of performance measurement and management for the health care professionals. Firstly, performance monitoring is highly essential to make sure that the patients receive a high quality service. Secondly, all the indicators are required to have a proper impact on the delivery of the patient care. The next point states that if performance monitoring is to be effective enough, the staffs are required to feel actively involved in the entire procedure. Fourth point states that the balanced scorecard assists in measuring performance and helps to recognize the shortcomings. The last most important point states that the entire system allows the staffs of the health care organization to look at the areas, where the improvements are highly required (Grigoroudis, Orfanoudaki Zopounidis, 2012). It can be stated that the significance of nurse recruitment to the deliverance of the high-quality patient care was one of the major principle findings in the marker report of the Institute of Medicines Committee in the Adequacy of Nurse Staffing in Hospitals and Nursing Homes. Therefore, it can be stated that measurement is innermost to the perception of the excellence enhancement; it supplies a means to identify what the hospitals in reality do and at the same time compares that with the inventive set targets in regards to recognize the opportunities for the overall improvement. Huber (2013) has opined that performance administration is best demonstrated as the expansion of the individuals with aptitude and assurance and working towards the achievements of the collective consequential objectives within an association that supports as well as supports their achievements. Mannion and Braithwaite (2012) have stated that quality is the focal point of much activity in the NHS. In the detection of providing outstanding service quality, the NHS next stage assessment has set the foundation for a health service that would authorize the staffs and provide patients alternatives. However, it can be stated that the cost and safety concerns have put the spotlight on the hospitals in order to manage as well as improve their quality of care. It can be stated that the cost of the healthcare delivery is an important strain in Myanmar because it double every 10 years, irrespective of the health of the economy. Reports state the facts that from 1995 to 2005, overall national healthcare expenditure increased by 76% and the overall national health expenditures are estimated to increase by 94.9% between 2006 and 2016 (Moorhead, 2013). Olivari et al. (2012) have stated that performance measurement enhances the management and the delivery of services and thus it can be stated that performance measurement enhances the communication internally among the health care professionals, as well as externally between the organization and as the patients and the stakeholders of the organization. As health and social care is one of the important parts of any nation, focusing on performance measurement of the nurses are highly needed. Pelletier and Stichler (2013) have stated that performance measurement helps in recognizing whether the nurses and the health care professionals are meeting the requirements of the patients or not and this is helpful in understanding the existing process in the hospitals. Apart from that, it makes sure that the decisions are based on fact, not on emotion. Moreover, it can be stated that performance measurement is helpful enough in recognizing whether the suppliers of health care are meeting the req uirements of the patient and the patient parties (Sun et al., 2012). As the nurses are one of the strong parts of the health and social care, it is required to measure the performance management system, as this enhances the bottom line by reducing the entire process cost and improve the productivity and mission effectiveness. Moreover, it allows the responsible the managers to recognize the best practices in an organization. However, it can be stated that with the course of time, several research works have significantly analyzed the importance of performance measurement as well as management for the nurses in the health and social care organizations (Pelletier Stichler, 2013). Conclusion After going through the already done research work on analyzing the importance of performance measurement and development for the nurses, it can be stated that more research works are required to conduct on this topic, as the nurses are one of the integral parts of health and social care. It is required to look at the roles and responsibilities of the nurses on both the front lines of healthcare, as well as the spine of the patient management and thus, nurses play fundamental position in transforming the healthcare sector of any nation. Nurses as well explores the critical issues in the health care system and thus further research works are required to carry on this specific topic. It is expected that the nurses are required to focus on quality means to the patients and the families through proper evaluation of performance measurement on an early basis. References Bartram, T., Casimir, G., Djurkovic, N., Leggat, S. G., Stanton, P. (2012). Do perceived high performance work systems influence the relationship between emotional labour, burnout and intention to leave? A study of Australian nurses.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(7), 1567-1578. Dubois, C. A., DAmour, D., Pomey, M. P., Girard, F., Brault, I. (2013). Conceptualizing performance of nursing care as a prerequisite for better measurement: a systematic and interpretive review.BMC nursing,12(1), 1. Gitlin, L. N., Kales, H. C., Lyketsos, C. G. (2012). Nonpharmacologic management of behavioral symptoms in dementia.JAMA,308(19), 2020-2029. Grigoroudis, E., Orfanoudaki, E., Zopounidis, C. (2012). Strategic performance measurement in a healthcare organisation: A multiple criteria approach based on balanced scorecard.Omega,40(1), 104-119. Huber, D. (2013).Leadership and nursing care management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mannion, R., Braithwaite, J. (2012). Unintended consequences of performance measurement in healthcare: 20 salutary lessons from the English National Health Service.Internal medicine journal,42(5), 569-574. Moorhead, S. (2013).Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), Measurement of Health Outcomes, 5: Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Olivari, Z., Steffenino, G., Savonitto, S., Chiarella, F., Chinaglia, A., Lucci, D., ... Tricoci, P. (2012). The management of acute myocardial infarction in the cardiological intensive care units in Italy: the BLITZ 4 Qualitcampaign for performance measurement and quality improvement.European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care,1(2), 143-152. Pelletier, L. R., Stichler, J. F. (2013). Action brief: patient engagement and activation: a health reform imperative and improvement opportunity for nursing.Nursing outlook,61(1), 51-54. Sun, T., Zhao, X. W., Yang, L. B., Fan, L. H. (2012). The impact of psychological capital on job embeddedness and job performance among nurses: a structural equation approach.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(1), 69-79.