Why Chloride Is Important For The Transport Of Negative...

Chloride channels are a structurally diverse superfamily of transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of negative anions across the cell membrane. These channels are involved in a plethora of physiological processes such as neurotransmission, excitation of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, salt transport, cell volume regulation, and acid production in internal and external compartments. Families of these channels include the voltage-gated CLC family, calcium-activated CaCC family, GABAA receptors, glycine receptors, and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that is responsible for proper fluid transport across the epithelial membrane of various cells within body tissues such as the lungs, liver, digestive tract, and reproductive tract. Mutations in the protein sequence of CFTR are characteristic of the disease cystic fibrosis, a disease where improper or absent ion movement decreases the flow o f water across exocrine epithelial cells causing mucus and other secretions to be unusually thick. As an ABC protein, CFTR conforms to a similar architecture as other ABC proteins. The standard ABC architecture includes 4 protein subunits, 2 of which are transmembrane domains (TMDs) consisting of 6 ÃŽ ±-helices each, and an additional 2 cytoplasmic nucleotide binding domains (NBDs). The subunits that make up most ABC proteins in humans are encoded for in a single gene, as compared to mostShow MoreRelatedWhy Chloride Is Important For The Transport Of Negative Anions Across The Cell Membrane1516 Words   |  7 PagesChloride channels are a structurally diverse superfamily of transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of negative anions across the cell membrane. These channels are involved in a plethora of physiological processes such as neurotransmission, excitation of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, salt transport, cell volume regulation, and acid production in internal and external compartments. Families of these channels include the voltage-gated CLC family, calc ium-activated CaCC family,Read MoreCell Physiology Study Guide3842 Words   |  16 Pageshuman genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs? ï‚ § 80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell. ï‚ § 200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found: ï‚ § In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail. ï‚ § 43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail. ï‚ § 36.9% of transcripts had theRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pages92 Simple Machines 93-99 Unit 5 The Physical Environment Weather and Climate 100-113 Soils 114-128 Unit 6 Living things in the Environment Plant and animal cells 129 Eukaryotes vs prokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control andRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 Pagesincluding multi-span structures. The first greenhouses with glass on all sides were built in Boston (1720, later in Chicago). Growers in The Netherlands found that glass cleaning along with greenhouse orientation (perpendicular to radiation source) are important for light penetration, especially in northern latitudes. They also used cloth, reeds or hair on their greenhouses during cold nights as insulation. George Washington built a glass conservatory with below-ground heating at his home at Mount Vernon